• Glycolic acid and lactic acid facilitates progressive weakening of cohesion of the intercellular material of the outermost layers of the skin (stratum corneum), resulting in uniform exfoliation.
• Glycolic acid and lactic acid disrupts cellular junctions to exfoliate dead skin cells.
• Urea denatures keratin by breaking their hydrogen bonds or by inducing conformational changes in their protein structure.

Urea increases moisturization with the following mechanisms of action:

• Reduce trans-epidermal water loss.
• Increase water retention.
• Enhances the resistance of the stratum corneum against osmotic stress.
• Acts as an endogenous humectant replacing water in low humidity conditions.

Urea regulates epidermal proliferation with the following mechanisms of action:

• Decreases DNA synthesis in basal cells and prolongs the generation time of post-mitosis epidermal cells.
• Induces a reduction in cellularity.

Urea enhances the skin's barrier function with the following mechanisms of action:

• Increases the gene expression of the antimicrobial peptides, cathelicidin and β-defensin-2.
• Induces a reduction in cellularity.
• Augments mRNA and protein levels of transglutaminase-1, involucrin, loricrin and filaggrin.
• Upregulates genetic transcription involved in epidermal differentiation.
• Enhances lipid synthesis.
• Upregulates AMP (Anti-microbial peptides).

• Glycolic acid reduce acne-related inflammation. 
• Glycolic acid exhibit pH-dependent antibacterial activity against C. acnes. At a pH of 3-3.5, glycolic acid kills C. acnes cells by disrupting bacterial cell membranes.

• Glycolic acid exhibit pH-dependent antibacterial activity against C. acnes. At a pH of 3-3.5, glycolic acid kills C. acnes cells by disrupting bacterial cell membranes.
• Urea increases the gene expression of antimicrobial peptide, cathelicidin and β-defensin-2.

• Exfoliate dead skin cells and reveal the newer, brighter layers underneath by acting on the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of skin). Normal, intact stratum corneum consists of tightly packed layers of dead skin cells tightly bonded together. Glycolic acid loosens these bonds. With their glue dissolved by glycolic acid, those tough, rough layers of dead skin cells can more easily slough away.
• The small molecular size of glycolic acid allows for deeper penetration in the skin layers, where it stimulates fibroblasts to produce increased amounts of collagen. By stimulating collagen production, it helps skin feel firmer and minimises fine lines and wrinkles.

• Inducing chemical exfoliation removes dead, damaged, and discoloured skin cells from post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation faster. It drives new skin cells to the surface of the face. This spurred cell renewal helps to reveal the healthier, underlying skin, and promotes a more even skin tone overall. 
• Glycolic acid suppresses melanin formation by inhibiting tyrosinase activity.